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[ MUSIC ]

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>> THIS IS A PAYLOAD

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THAT'S GONNA BE ON

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THE JEM XPOSED MODULE,

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SO IT'S HANGIN' ON THE OUTSIDE

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OF THE ISS LOOKIN' DOWN

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AT THE EARTH.

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AND WHAT ARE WE DOING?

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WE'RE TRYING TO MEASURE

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ATMOSPHERIC CARBON DIOXIDE.

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PLANTS ARE ACTUALLY

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DOING US A HUGE FAVOR.

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THOSE PLANTS IN THE OCEAN

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TAKE ABOUT HALF OF

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THE ATMOSPHERIC CARBON DIOXIDE

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THAT HUMANS EMIT OUT EVERY YEAR.

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BUT SOME YEARS IT'S 20%.

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SOME YEARS IT'S 80%,

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AND WE'VE GOTTA FIGURE OUT

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WHY THAT IS.

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SO OCO-2 HAS STARTED COLLECTING

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ATMOSPHERIC CARBON DIOXIDE DATA.

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WE'VE BEEN DOING THAT

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SINCE 2014.

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OCO-3 IS MEANT TO CONTINUE

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THAT RECORD OF CARBON DIOXIDE,

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AND BUILD ONTO WHAT

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OCO-2 STARTED.

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BUT BEING ON THE SPACE STATION

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IS A LITTLE BIT DIFFERENT.

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YOU KNOW IT'S IN

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THIS PRECESSING ORBIT.

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EVERY DAY IT GOES OVER YOUR HEAD

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A LITTLE BIT EARLIER IN THE DAY.

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WE'LL HAVE THESE DETAILED

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LITTLE SNAPSHOT MAPS

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OF CARBON DIOXIDE AND SIF

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THAT ARE UNLIKE DATA

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WE'VE COLLECTED BEFORE.

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LET US SEE NEW THINGS

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ABOUT FORESTS, CROP AREAS,

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AND OF COURSE THERE'S FOLKS

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WANNA LOOK AT CITIES

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AND POWER PLANTS.

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SO THE SNAPSHOT MAP'S

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GONNA BE A GREAT NEW WAY

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TO GET A DETAILED PICTURE

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OF CARBON DIOXIDE.

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>> WE'RE INTERESTED IN

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STUDYING PLANETARY BODIES.

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SO IN PARTICULAR,

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MY RESEARCH OF FOCUS IS ON

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STUDYING ASTEROIDS.

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THE GOAL OF HERMES IS

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TO STUDY THE SURFACE MATERIAL

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OF ASTEROIDS, AND THIS IS

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SOMETHING THAT WE CALL REGOLITH,

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THIS FINE PARTICLE, FINE DUST

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THAT COVERS THE ENTIRE SURFACE.

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THERE'S A LOT OF INTEREST

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IN ONE DAY SENDING ASTRONAUTS

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TO ASTEROIDS, FOR INSTANCE,

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UM, AND WE HAVE ALREADY

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SENT A LOT OF ROBOTIC MISSIONS

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TO ASTEROIDS,

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AND PLAN TO SEND MORE.

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AND SO WE WOULD NEED TO

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UNDERSTAND HOW TO INTERACT

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WITH THE ASTEROID SURFACE.

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SO IF YOU WERE GOING TO ANCHOR

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TO THE SURFACE OF THE ASTEROID,

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FOR INSTANCE, UM, YOU NEED

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TO UNDERSTAND HOW TO INTERACT

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WITH THE REGOLITH.

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WHY DO WE WANNA STUDY THIS

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ON THE ISS?

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SO IT'S NOT JUST THE LONG

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DURATION EXPOSURE MICROGRAVITY.

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UM, IT'S ALSO-- SOMETHING

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THAT WE HAVE ON ASTEROIDS

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IS VACUUM, RIGHT?

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SO WE WANNA EXPOSE

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OUR EXPERIMENTS TO THE VACUUM

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OF SPACE, SO WE ACTUALLY HAVE

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OUR FACILITY HOOKED UP

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ESSENTIALLY TO A PORT TO SPACE.

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SO THIS WILL BE

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A PERMANENT FACILITY

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ON THE SPACE STATION.

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AND THE IDEA IS THAT WE'LL

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SEND DIFFERENT SCIENCE PACKAGES

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THAT ARE CALLED CASSETTES THAT

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WILL GO INSIDE THE FACILITY.

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UM, SO WE DID CASSETTE-1,

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BUT THE IDEA IS THAT

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HERMES WILL BE OPEN TO

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OTHER INVESTIGATORS,

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SO CASSETTE-2, CASSETTE-3,

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CASSETTE-7, THESE WILL BE

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OTHER RESEARCHERS THAT WILL

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APPLY TO USE HERMES TO DO

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RESEARCH ON ASTEROID REGOLITH

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AND GRANULAR MATERIAL

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INVESTIGATIONS.

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>> THIS IS A TINY BIOENGINEERED

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DEVICE THAT CONTAINS

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LIVING HUMAN CELLS

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THAT ARE DESIGNED TO RECREATE

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THE STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION

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OF YOUR TISSUES IN YOUR BODY.

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SO WE SEE TISSUE CHIPS

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AS A TOOL TO HELP UNDERSTAND

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DISEASES AND SPEED THE PROCESS

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OF DRUG DISCOVERY,

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WHICH DOWN HERE ON EARTH

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RIGHT NOW IS EXTREMELY EXPENSIVE

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AND TAKES A REALLY,

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REALLY LONG TIME.

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WE'RE USING MICROGRAVITY ALSO

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AS A TOOL, BECAUSE AS YOU KNOW,

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MICROGRAVITY CAUSES CHANGES

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IN PHYSIOLOGY IN ASTRONAUTS

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THAT OFTEN SEEM TO MIMIC

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WHAT'S QUITE SIMILAR TO

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SOME DISEASE STATES

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OR AGING HERE ON EARTH.

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THAT HAPPENS ON A REALLY

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SHORT TIME SCALE, SO WE'RE

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ESSENTIALLY ABLE TO SPEED UP

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THE WHOLE PROCESS OF

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DISEASE MODELING

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AND TESTING OF DRUGS

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BY USING THESE TISSUE CHIPS

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UP ON THE SPACE STATION.

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SO THAT'S A BIG WIN

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DOWN FOR US HERE ON EARTH.

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ALL OF THESE TECHNOLOGICAL

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ADVANCES AND THE-THE PROBLEMS

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THAT THE TEAMS HAVE HAD

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TO ENCOUNTER TO SHRINK

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THEIR TECHNOLOGY AND MAKE IT

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REALLY ROBUST IS GONNA BE

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TRANSFORMATIONAL FOR

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THE TECHNOLOGY BACK DOWN HERE

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ON EARTH, BECAUSE IT'S GONNA

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MAKE THIS TECHNOLOGY

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MUCH MORE BROADLY ACCESSIBLE

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TO A WIDER AUDIENCE WHO CAN

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USE IT DOWN HERE ON EARTH.

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SO WE HAVE FOUR PROJECTS

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THAT ARE LAUNCHING.

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WE HAVE A TEAM FROM

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THE UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON,

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WHO IS GOING TO BE SENDING UP

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A KIDNEY CHIP.

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>> WE'RE ACTUALLY SENDING UP

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24 OF THESE CHIPS TO

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THE INTERNATIONAL SPACE STATION,

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SO THAT'S 72 INDIVIDUAL TUBULES.

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NOT ONLY IS A KIDNEY

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VERY IMPORTANT FOR FILTERING

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OUR BLOOD AND REMOVING

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WASTE PRODUCTS VIA URINE,

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BUT IT'S ALSO A KEY ORGAN

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INVOLVED IN THE SYNTHESIS

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OF A NUMBER OF DIFFERENT

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HORMONES AND VITAMINS.

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ONE OF THOSE VITAMINS

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IS VITAMIN D.

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AND SO WE ACTUALLY HOPE

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TO LEARN IN A MATTER OF

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A COURSE OF WEEKS IS

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HOW DOES OSTEOPOROSIS,

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VI-VITAMIN D METABOLISM OCCUR

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IN A DISEASE WHICH TYPICALLY

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TAKES PLACE OVER THE COURSE

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OF YEARS IF NOT DECADES.

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>> WE ARE THE 2018

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GENES IN SPACE WINNING TEAM.

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SO IF YOU'RE UNFAMILIAR WITH

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GENES IN SPACE, UM,

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IT'S A 7TH TO 12TH GRADE

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DNA COMPETITION WHERE YOU

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DESIGN AN EXPERIMENT

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TO TAKE PLACE ON

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THE INTERNATIONAL SPACE STATION.

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>> DNA IS THE BLUEPRINT

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OF LIFE, RIGHT?

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SO IT ENCODES ALL

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OUR GENETIC INFORMATION, UM,

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AND IT GETS TRANSCRIBED TO RNA,

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WHICH IS TRANSLATED TO PROTEINS,

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WHICH OF COURSE HELP

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ALL OF OUR CELLS FUNCTION.

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ASTRONAUTS UNDERGO

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HIGH RADIATION FROM HZE IONS

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OR GALACTIC COSMIC RAYS,

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WHICH CAN LEAD TO THESE

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DOUBLE STRANDED BREAKS.

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SO OUR OBJECTIVE IN THIS,

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UH, EXPERIMENT WAS TO EXAMINE

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HOW REPAIR PATHWAY FREQUENCIES

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AND DOUBLE STRANDED BREAK REPAIR

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AS A WHOLE ARE AFFECTED

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BY MICROGRAVITY.

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SO TO-TO TEST OUR HYPOTHESIS,

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WE'RE GONNA BE USING

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THE CRISPR-CAS9 SYSTEM.

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>> WE WANT TO VERIFY THAT

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CAS9 CAN CUT IN SPACE,

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AND THAT WE CAN DEDUCE

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REPAIR PATHWAY FREQUENCIES BASED

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ON THE RESULTING SEQUENCES.

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SO THE RESULTS OF

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THESE EXPERIMENTS COULD HELP

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SET THE STAGE FOR

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GENOMIC EDITING IN SPACE

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AND PROTECT ASTRONAUTS

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FROM INTENSE RADIATION